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Öğe Development of Novel Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ Magnetic Nanoparticles with Outstanding VOC Removal Capacity: Characterization, Optimization, Reusability, Kinetics, and Equilibrium Studies(Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 2021) Ece, Mehmet Şakir; Kutluay, Sinan; Şahin, Ömer; Horoz, SabitThe adsorption of pollutants to the surface of adsorbents plays a critical role in the effectiveness of adsorption technology for air purification applications. Herein, novel magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone (1,4-DAAQ), namely, Fe3O4/activated carbon (AC)@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ, were innovatively synthesized via co-precipitation and sol-gel techniques. After that, these nanoparticles were used for high-efficiency removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (i.e., benzene and toluene). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by various techniques such as Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. The dynamic adsorption process of VOCs was optimized based on operating parameters. The adsorption experiments revealed that Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ showed exceptional performance for the removal of VOCs. It was observed that for benzene, Fe3O4, AC, Fe3O4/AC, Fe3O4/AC@SiO2, and Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ exhibited dynamic adsorption capacities of 180.25, 228.87, 295.84, 382.10, and 1232.77 mg/g, respectively. Additionally, for toluene, they exhibited dynamic adsorption capacities of 191.08, 274.53, 310.26, 421.30, and 1352.16 mg/g, respectively. This indicated that the modification of 1,4-DAAQ could greatly enhance the dynamic adsorption capacity of Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ for VOCs. In addition to the apparent adsorptive behavior in removing VOCs, Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ exhibited high repeatability. After ten consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles, for benzene and toluene, Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ retained 79.36 and 78.24% of its initial adsorption capacity, respectively. According to the characterization results, the average pore diameter for Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ was determined to be 24.46 nm, indicating that they were in the mesopore range. The adsorption mechanism of the VOCs on Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ was clarified by investigating the isotherm and kinetic criteria in detail. Isotherm models suggested that the adsorption process of VOCs is physical. Moreover, from the analysis of diffusion-based rate-limiting kinetic models, the findings reveal a combination of intraparticle diffusion as well as film diffusion throughout the adsorption process of VOCs. In addition, it was concluded from the analysis of the mass transfer model factors that global mass transfer and internal diffusion are more effective than film diffusion. The results demonstrated that the Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@1,4-DAAQ nanoadsorbent is a promising material for the effective removal of VOCs.Öğe Fabrication and characterization of 3,4-diaminobenzophenone-functionalized magnetic nanoadsorbent with enhanced VOC adsorption and desorption capacity(Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021) Ece, Mehmet Şakir; Şahin, Ömer; Kutluay, Sinan; Horoz, SabitThe present study, for the first time, utilized 3,4-diaminobenzophenone (DABP)-functionalized Fe3O4/AC@SiO2 (Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@DABP) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) synthesized as a nanoadsorbent for enhancing adsorption and desorption capacity of gaseous benzene and toluene as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@DABP MNPs used in adsorption and desorption of benzene and toluene were synthesized by the co-precipitation and sol-gel methods. The synthesized MNPs were characterized by SEM, FTIR, TGA/DTA, and BET surface area analysis. Moreover, the optimization of the process parameters, namely contact time, initial VOC concentration, and temperature, was performed by applying response surface methodology (RSM). Adsorption results demonstrated that the Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@DABP MNPs had excellent adsorption capacity. The maximum adsorption capacities for benzene and toluene were found as 530.99 and 666.00 mg/g, respectively, under optimum process parameters (contact time 55.47 min, initial benzene concentration 17.57 ppm, and temperature 29.09 °C; and contact time 57.54 min, initial toluene concentration 17.83 ppm, and temperature 27.93 °C for benzene and toluene, respectively). In addition to the distinctive adsorptive behavior, the Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@DABP MNPs exhibited a high reproducibility adsorption and desorption capacity. After the fifth adsorption and desorption cycles, the Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@DABP MNPs retained 94.4% and 95.4% of its initial adsorption capacity for benzene and toluene, respectively. Kinetic and isotherm findings suggested that the adsorption mechanisms of benzene and toluene on the Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@DABP MNPs were physical processes. The results indicated that the successfully synthesized Fe3O4/AC@SiO2@DABP MNPs can be applied as an attractive, highly effective, reusable, and cost-effective adsorbent for the adsorption of VOC pollutants. Graphical abstract[Figure not available: see fulltext.]Öğe Facile synthesis and comprehensive characterization of Ni-decorated amine groups-immobilized Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles having enhanced solar cell efficiency(Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2021) Ece, Mehmet Şakir; Ekinci, Arzu; Kutluay, Sinan; Şahin, Ömer; Horoz, SabitIn this study, the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) immobilized with L-Arginine decorated with nickel (Ni) was achieved, and their ability in solar cell efficiency was evaluated. Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2, Fe3O4@SiO2@L-Arginine and Fe3O4@SiO2@L-Arginine-Ni MNPs were prepared by co-precipitation and sol-gel methods. The structural, morphological, optical and textural properties of the prepared MNPs were clarified by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) analyzes. From the BET data, it is understood that the specific surface area of the prepared Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2@L–Arginine MNPs is 60.85, 28.99 and 29.84 m2/g, respectively. From the pore size distribution determined by Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method, it was understood that the pore radius of Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2@L–Arginine MNPs were in the range of mesopore and the average pore radius was equal to approximately 11.03, 9.11 and 28.45 nm, respectively. It is assumed that the half pore widths calculated by the density functional theory (DFT) method of the prepared of Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2@L-Arginine MNPs are 5.58, ∼ 0.88, and ∼ 17.98 nm, respectively. The energy band gap of the prepared MNPs with spinel structure was determined as approximately 3.10 eV. In addition to the structural, morphological, optical and textural properties, the photovoltaic properties of the prepared MNPs were examined. Au/CuO/Fe3O4@SiO2@L–Arginine-Ni/ZnO/SnO2:F solar cell device was created by using existing Fe3O4@SiO2@L–Arginine-Ni MNPs as buffer layer. The power conversion efficiency (%) of the prepared Fe3O4@SiO2@L–Arginine-Ni MNPs based solar cell device was calculated as 1.84 %. This numerical result shows that the prepared Fe3O4@SiO2@L-Arginine-Ni MNPs can be used as a promising buffer layer in a solar structure.Öğe Highly improved solar cell efficiency of Mn-doped amine groups-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 nanomaterial(Wiley Online Library, 2021) Kutluay, Sinan; Horoz, Sabit; Şahin, Ömer; Ekinci, ArzuHerein, magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 nanomaterial functionalized with amine groups (Fe3O4@SiO2@IPA) doped with manganese (Mn) was prepared, characterized and used for solar cell application. Fe3O4@SiO2@IPA-Mn was prepared via the co-precipitation and sol-gel techniques. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed to examine the structure of Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2, Fe3O4@SiO2@IPA and Fe3O4@SiO2@IPA-Mn. General morphology and textural properties of the prepared magnetic nanomaterials were clarified by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to have a knowledge about the energy band gap and thermal behavior of the prepared magnetic nanomaterials. The energy band gap of Fe3O4@SiO2@IPA with spinel structure was determined as approximately 2.48 eV. It was understood that Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2@IPA showed type IV-H3 hysteresis cycle according to IUPAC. From the BET data, it was determined that the specific surface areas of Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2@IPA were 60.85, 28.99 and 40.41 m(2)/g, respectively. The pore size distributions of Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2@IPA were calculated as 8.55, 1.53 and 1.70 nm, respectively, by the BJH method. Also, it was observed that the dominant pore widths of Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2@IPA were calculated similar to 5.58, similar to 0.88 and similar to 17.92 nm, respectively, by the DFT method. Au/CuO/Fe3O4@SiO2@IPA-Mn/ZnO/SnO2: F solar cell device was created using existing Fe3O4@SiO2@IPA-Mn as a buffer layer. The power conversion efficiency (%) of Fe3O4@SiO2@IPA-Mn based solar cell device was calculated as 2.054. This finding suggest that Fe3O4@SiO2@IPA-Mn can be used as a promising sensitizer in solar cell technology. Moreover, in this study, the effectiveness of the modification of manganese (one of the transition metals, which is cheap and easily available) with magnetic nanomaterials in the use of solar cell technology was demonstrated for the first time.