İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü Koleksiyonu

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12514/72

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ESCAPING AND WITHSTANDING THE REALITY THROUGH ART IN EMILY ST. JOHN MANDEL’S STATION ELEVEN
(2020) Alan, Bülent; Maviş, Yunus
Having been an ever-present part of Western culture, end of time speculations, namely apocalypse scenarios, are largely originated in biblical ending scenarios and have always appealed to and intrigued the scholars in a wide range of fields, including the literati. These apocalypse and post-apocalypse scenarios have found a dominating place in literature as part of ecocriticism, which in general terms, puts nature and the themes focusing on ecology in the focal point. Covering dystopian, apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic narratives as genres, ecocriticism includes a broad range of literary and artistic studies and critical theories that emphasize nature and environment relevant problems. Emily St. John Mandel’s Station Eleven (2014) is a distinctive example for dystopian and post-apocalyptic narratives describing the beginning of a global epidemic, Georgia Flu, and life twenty years after the catastrophe, because it both tries to explore man’s potential to create and sustain meaning through art, story and sharing in an ambitious and versatile way, and scrutinizes whether the ethical and cultural values still exist in a post-apocalyptic world, and the likely ways people live together, which is of the set of ideas suggested by post-apocalyptic literature. In this study, we argue that in Station Eleven (2014), Emily St. John Mandel considers art as an intrinsic need for humanity and the real survivor even after a probable apocalypse, and becomes a source of endurance against harsh realities of life, functioning like a home that shelters humans to which they escape.
Survival in Jack London's The Call of The Wild and White Fang
(2022) Durmuş, Erdinç; Maviş, Yunus
Man’s anthropocentric perspective towards nature, which paves way to the destruction of species and natural resoruces in the last instance, stands out as a great drawback for the correction such of contemporary environmental situations. Authored by Jack London during his Klondike Gold Rush adventure, The Call of the Wild (1903) and White Fang (1906), for example, can be counted among the works of eco-criticism that mirrors and criticizes man’s egocentric attitude towards nature and puts the usage of dogs as sled dogs and transitioning their nature by force during the Klondike Gold Rush (1896-1899) into the focal point of the criticism. In his The Call of the Wild (1903), London tries to show us, through the story of the central character Buck, how heartless and disrespectful can man become towards nature when he acts self centeredly. By reflecting the role of environmental factors in easing or aggravating the survival of Buck, and portraying how Buck is forcibly transitioned to a primitive beast from a domestic pet by men, London both criticizes this kind of a touch of men to nature, and implies his inclination towards naturalism in the works mentioned above. In his White Fang (1906), London tells the story of a wild dog, White Fang that has to adapt to the domestic environment to survive. This study aims to analyse Jack London’s The Call of the Wild (1903) and White Fang (1906) in terms of survival examples.
A REVIEW OF A POSTMODERN NOVEL THE ROMANTIC EGOIST
(Asr Journal, 2020) Alan, Bülent; Güven, Hazar Faruk
ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to examine the French writer Frédéric Beigbeder's Romantic Egoist in the context of postmodern literature. The postmodern concept represents the end of modernization, as can be understood from the prefix "post". There are different interpretations of this concept, first introduced in America, whether it is opposed to modernism or successive of it. Ultimately, while the postmodern concept is being debated, it cannot be considered independently of modernism. Postmodern writers support an understanding that practises on all the legacy of literature, makes references to different works, texts and writers. Irony and pastische are characteristics of this movement. Contrary to modern writers, throughout the work postmodern writers make the reader feel that the story is fictional. In this study, after giving a brief summary of this work, which is an example of a postmodern novel, the answer to the question of who is postmodern writer is sought. The fact that the author sometimes presents himself as a novel character in the work shows that he wrote his work using the metafiction technique of postmodern literature. After examining the examples of this technique in the work, the features like epigraph, collage, quotation and reference of the concept of intertextuality, which is one of the areas used by the postmodern literary movement, are discussed.
Othello ve Mem u Zin Eserlerindeki Şer Karakterlerin Karşılaştırılması
(2017) Görmez, Aydın; Güven, Hazar Faruk
Dinler tarihine bakıldığında gerek Musevilik, Hıristiyanlık ve İslamiyet gibi tek tanrılı dinlerde gerekse Antik Yunan’da, Roma’da veya Hinduizm gibi çok tanrılı dinlerde “iyi”’nin karşıtı olarak bilinen ve kaçınılması gereken bütün kötülükleri içinde barındıran “şer” olgusu edebiyatta çok işlenen evrensel bir konudur. Şer veya anti-kahraman olarak tanımlanan karakterlerin edebiyatta önemli bir yeri vardır çünkü kötülük olmazsa iyinin kıymetinin bilinmeyeceğine inanılır. Yani, temel zıtlıklar sistemi gereği yapısalcıların da iddia ettiği gibi, bu iki zıt kutup ayrılmaz bir bütün gibidir. Dünya edebiyatı Bayan Macbeth, Mephistopheles, Raskolnikov gibi ölümsüz kötü karakterlere tanık olur. 17. yüzyıl Amerika’sının Püriten edebiyatında çok sık görüldüğü gibi şerle ilişkili karakterlerin eser sonunda mutlak cezalandırılması gibi yazılmamış kuralların varlığı ayrıca dikkat çekicidir. Bu çalışmada William Shakespeare’in Othello ve Ahmed-i Hanî’nin Mem û Zîn eserlerinde iki şer karakter olan Lago ve Beko’nun benzer ve farklı özellikleri karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınması amaçlanmaktadır.
Oedipus at Colonus as a divine comedy
(2011) Durmuş, Erdinç
Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colonus was the last play written just before the playwright’s death in 406 B.C. This particular play of the most powerful Greek writer was not performed until five years after his death. He was born in the village of Colonus, and in the last month of his long life he turned back to the figure of Oedipus whom he had once portrayed as the ideal type of Athenian intelligence and daring. He wrote about the same hero’s old age, the recompense he received for his sufferings in Oedipus at Colonus, and in doing so he left this timeless masterpiece to the world of literature. Certainly a great number of critics wrote about this specific play of Sophocles as one of the most beautiful Greek tragedies throughout the centuries. And it is also doubtless that many scholars will discuss the same play again as a masterpiece tragedy of its writer. However, in a deeply made analysis of Oedipus at Colonus it is highly possible that the play fits into the category of divine comedies. Oedipus at Colonus deserves to be considered and studied as a work of divine comedy for it has almost all the characteristics of the so-called genre.
John Milton’s Influence on Poets, Writers and Composers of His Period and Aftermath
(2014) Durmuş, Erdinç
John Milton is doubtless one of the most important and influential poets in English Language and Literature. He has always been a major influence in literature both during his lifetime and after his death. His reputation among the readers and the poets is a known fact since it has been proven that several writers and poets frequently wrote under the influence of this great epic poet. Milton was an artist who had written about various subjects, he was both a poet and a renowned prose writer. As he had something to say about every field of life his admirers and followers were not necessarily from just one category. Many people, including politicians, poets, writers, composers found something valuable in Milton and his works. The purpose of this article is to reevaluate Milton’s controversial works and lay down the influence of Milton on the mentioned figures of the period and aftermath.
Democracy or Hypocrisy in John Le Carre’s The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
(2013) Durmuş, Erdinç
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold is an espionage novel of John Le Carre which takes place in the 1950s and early 1960s. The world war is over but the cold war still continues severely at that time. The western world has perpetuated the vital importance of democracy over the years. In this respect The Spy unveils such untouched issues of the western world. Le Carre highlights the conflicts of the western world. The Spy is the story of the victimization of some people for the sake of society. Within this context, Le Carre deduces the hypocrisy of the west. This study aims to set sight on the experiences of the main character and to uncover the hypocrisy behind democracy.
Survival in Jack London's The Call of the Wild and White Fang
(2022) Durmuş, Erdinç
İnsanın açgözlülüğü, doğaya ve doğal kaynaklara yönelik insan merkezli bakış açısı; netice itibariyle doğanın, kıyamete ramak kala insanlığı uyarmasına yol açacak türden, geri dönüşü olmayan sonuçlar doğurmuştur. İnsanın bu katı davranışı, insanoğlunun çevreye olan söz konusu tutumunun devam etmesi durumunda kaçınılmaz bir kıyamet konusunda insanlığı uyaran kayda değer bir edebi ve sanatsal eser yığınına imza atan edebiyatçıların, medyanın ve bazı aktivistlerin iç bilincini uyandırmış görünmektedir. Kendini doğanın sahibi olarak gören insan, bumerang benzeri bir etki yaratan sorumsuz ve patavatsız davranışlarıyla her zaman çevrenin ve türlerin, doğal kaynakların ve nihayetinde kendisinin tahribatına neden olmuştur. İnsanoğlunun açgözlülüğü, her geçen gün artan talebi karşılamak için her türlü mal ve malzemenin seri üretimine yol açmakta ve bunun sonucunda çevreyi kirletmekte, fabrika atıkları sonucunda tarım ürünlerini zehirlemekte ve böylece insanları diğer türlerle ortak bir kaderi, hayatta kalma mücadelesini paylaşmaya sevk etmektedir. Jack London'ın the Call of the Wild (1903), ana karakter Buck'ın hayatta kalmasını kolaylaştıran veya ağırlaştıran çevresel faktörlerin rolünü yansıtır ve Buck'ın evcil bir hayvan iken nasıl da ilkel bir canavara dönüştüğünü tasvir etmektedir. Ancak White Fang'da (1906), London, White Fang adlı vahşi bir köpeğin değişen çevreye uyum sağlama mücadelesini ve hayatta kalmak için evcilleştirilmesi gerektiğini anlatır. Bu çalışma, Jack London'ın the Call of the Wild (1903) ve White Fang (1906) adlı yapıtlarını hayatta kalma mücadelesi bağlamında incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Keywords Survival, Jack London, Naturalism, Call of the Wild
The Oppositions in Edward Albee’s The Zoo Story
(2010) Durmuş, Erdinç
An abundance of contradictions characterizes most of Edward Albee’s plays. The playwright emphasizes the crucial function of contrasts in everyday life going beyond just expressing them. The playwright reveals that one has to live with such opposites as black and white, good and bad closely since it is not possible to avoid them. Moreover, one should go one step further and accept this unavoidable situation even embracing this contradictory situation. As an example, that we are spiritually dead, while living, is one of his most important themes. Life and death, in fact, are realities of humanity, close to each other, going hand in hand any moment in life. But this is persistently ignored by his characters as well as by mankind in general. The playwright tries hard to make the reader be aware and acknowledge that this is the case. Therefore, we will try to examine the contradictions in The Zoo Story, give examples, and reveal how influential they are in the play as well as in real life. Key Words: Edward Albee, Paradoxes, The Zoo Story
Hart Crane’s The Bridge as an Example of Modernist Poetry
(2014) Durmuş, Erdinç
This particular poem of Hart Crane is a good example of American modernist poetry. Crane’s The Bridge has been the subject of a lot of debate since its publication. Crane comes from a wealthy family and is an American Romantic poet who observes the richness of life in his poetry. In this long epic poem, the poet is inspired by the Brooklyn Bridge. For him, the bridge stands for the creative power of man. The poet considers the poem as an epic synthesis of the country and its structural identity. There is a kind of a search in the poem and this search of the poet is the one for the real American past and the characteristics of present America that will determine her future. The poet tries to come up with a view of what he calls the American experience in the poem. He adopts the Brooklyn Bridge as the poem’s supporting symbol and talks about and celebrates various people and places. Keywords: Modernist, Brooklyn Bridge, Poetry, Criticism, America
Irish Youth and Inertia in James Joyce’xxs Dubliners
(2018) Durmuş, Erdinç
IRISH YOUTH AND INERTIA IN JAMES JOYCE’S DUBLINERS Abstract James Joyce who was born in 1882 in Dublin, the capital city of Ireland that had been colonized by England from the middle of the 17th century to the first quarter of the 20th century, published his first novel Dubliners in 1914. The novel is likely to be considered as a bildungsroman of Ireland’s society since it focuses on the growth of the whole community rather than the focus on the psychological and moral growth of only one protagonist. Composed of four stages each of which narrates a different stage of the society (namely; childhood, adolescence, maturity and public life)the novel is consisted of fifteen stories. The setting of all the stories is the city of Dublin where (as Joyce narrates) paralyses, stagnancy and inertia seem to have haunted the lives of the public. Inertia, in Merriam Webster, is defined as the lack of movement or activity especially when movement or activity is wanted or needed. In the field of physics, it is defined as “a property of matter by which something that is not moving remains still and something that is moving goes at the same speed and in the same direction until another thing or force affects it.” Inertia is also known to be the feeling of the lack of the energy that helps mobilization, which makes the change in situations where motion, action and change are necessary. Considering the fact that every single molecule across the universe is on the move, what is being implied here is not that the substance stands still; rather, it is the fact that its perpetuum mobile or momentum is preserved in a constant pace. People are usually aware of the problems stemming from the negative cases in which they are entrapped. However, despite the fact that they – more or less – have the knowledge concerning how to resolve these problems, they are not enthusiastic to take any action. They find themselves in a constantly negative situation that prevents them from taking the first step, or in a state of mind that helps the momentum keep on going in a constant pace. Inertia, in other words, may as well be defined as the state of not being able to take the necessary action at the right time and in the right space. Against such a backdrop and drawing on the two stories all characters of which are adolescents, this article aims to reveal how destructive the state of inertia could be for those individuals and societies who do not handle their necessities in the right place at the right time.
MARXIST CRITICISM, THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL AND WALTER BENJAMIN
(2017) Durmuş, Erdinç
Marxist edebiyat eleştirisi Marxist politik düşünceler üzerine geliştirilmiştir. Marksist eleştiri, 1850'lerde Marx'ın, kültür ve toplum hakkında önemli açıklamalarda bulunmasına rağmen, 20. yüzyılda ortaya çıkmış bir olgudur. Marx’a göre, ideoloji, politika ve sanat gibi bir toplumun üst yapısını oluşturan öğeler o toplumun ekonomik yapısı tarafından belirlenir. Karl Marx "Komünist Manifesto" adlı eserinde komünizmin temel kavramlarını tartışır ve toplumların ve ekonomik sistemlerinin sınıfsız bir toplum yaratmak için sürekli bir evrim sürecinde olduğunu iddia eder. Marksist eleştiride önemli olan husus, edebiyatın, bu edebiyatın üretildiği toplumun ideolojik ve ekonomik gerçeklerinden ayrı tutulamayacağı ya da izole edilemeyeceği yönündedir. Diğer taraftan, pratikte bir neo-Marxist olan Frankfurt Okulu, aydınlanma geleneğinin bir eleştirisidir. Radikal değişim ve iki okul arasındaki eleştiri farkı entelektüel temeldedir. Aslında bir toplumsal araştırma kurumu olan Frankfurt Okulu yeni bir neo-Marxist teori geliştirmiştir. Frankfurt Okulu üyeleri on dokuzuncu yüzyılın son teorisyenlerinden yararlanmışlardır. Üyeleri temel olarak çoğulculardır. Walter Benjamin Frankfurt Okulunun önemli bir üyesidir. O da Marxismin etkisi altındaydı ve Marxist Okuluna bir eğilim göstermişti. Benjamin sosyal eleştiriyle dilbilim analizini tarihsel nostaljiyle birlikte işler. Benjamin, sosyal eleştiri ve dilsel analiz ile tarihi nostaljiyi harmanlar. Benjamin için temel estetik farklılaşma, yaratılış ve oluşum arasındaki temel farklılıktır. Benjamin’e göre eleştiri bir sanat eserinin gerçeğinin sunumudur. Eleştiri bir eserin başladığı şeyi neticeye ulaştırmaya, tamamlamaya ve sistematize etmeye çalışır.
THE PARODY OF UNCAUGHT FISH: A POSTMODERN TAKE ON TROUT FISHING IN AMERICA
(II. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ANGLO-AMERICAN CULTURE AND LITERATURE, 25.12.2023) Toson ,Mehmet Faruk, Alan, Bülent
Richard Brautigan's novels, including Trout Fishing in America, challenge conventional writing styles and parodies realistic writing norms. His attitude towards fiction is reactive, denaturalizing established forms of writing by creating stories that reveal how we organize human experience and come to terms with it. Richard Brautigan's work Trout Fishing in America, which questions traditional writing conventions and parodies realistic conventions, is a prime example of the author's avant-garde approach to literature. The phrase "Trout Fishing in America" is used in a variety of ways throughout the story to symbolize various individuals, places, and other elements. The book defies classification because of its episodic style, absence of a main plot, and uneven character development. Brautigan uses the story of a narrator searching for perfect spots to go trout fishing as a metaphor to show how materialism and moral decay have destroyed once-beautiful, innocent America. This study aims to analyse how Brautigan uses parody, a postmodern tool, to deconstruct, denaturalize and demythologize the fixed grand narrative of his time in this work.
THE PARODY OF UNCAUGHT FISH: A POSTMODERN TAKE ON TROUT FISHING IN AMERICA
(25.12.2023) Alan, Bülent
Richard Brautigan's novels, including Trout Fishing in America, challenge conventional writing styles and parodies realistic writing norms. His attitude towards fiction is reactive, denaturalizing established forms of writing by creating stories that reveal how we organize human experience and come to terms with it. Richard Brautigan's work Trout Fishing in America, which questions traditional writing conventions and parodies realistic conventions, is a prime example of the author's avant-garde approach to literature. The phrase "Trout Fishing in America" is used in a variety of ways throughout the story to symbolize various individuals, places, and other elements. The book defies classification because of its episodic style, absence of a main plot, and uneven character development. Brautigan uses the story of a narrator searching for perfect spots to go trout fishing as a metaphor to show how materialism and moral decay have destroyed once-beautiful, innocent America. This study aims to analyse how Brautigan uses parody, a postmodern tool, to deconstruct, denaturalize and demythologize the fixed grand narrative of his time in this work.
A REVIEW OF A POSTMODERN NOVEL THE ROMANTIC EGOIST
(2020) Bulent Alan; Hazar Faruk Güven
The main purpose of this study is to examine the French writer Frédéric Beigbeder's Romantic Egoist in the context of postmodern literature. The postmodern concept represents the end of modernization, as can be understood from the prefix "post". There are different interpretations of this concept, first introduced in America, whether it is opposed to modernism or successive of it. Ultimately, while the postmodern concept is being debated, it cannot be considered independently of modernism. Postmodern writers support an understanding that practises on all the legacy of literature, makes references to different works, texts and writers. Irony and pastische are characteristics of this movement. Contrary to modern writers, throughout the work postmodern writers make the reader feel that the story is fictional. In this study, after giving a brief summary of this work, which is an example of a postmodern novel, the answer to the question of who is postmodern writer is sought. The fact that the author sometimes presents himself as a novel character in the work shows that he wrote his work using the metafiction technique of postmodern literature. After examining the examples of this technique in the work, the features like epigraph, collage, quotation and reference of the concept of intertextuality, which is one of the areas used by the postmodern literary movement, are discussed.
MARXIST CRITICISM, THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL AND WALTER BENJAMIN
(2017) Bulent Alan; Erdinç Durmuş
Marxist literary criticism has been developed on the basis of Marxist political ideas. Even though Marx makes important statements about culture and society in the 1850s Marxist criticism is a phenomenon that came into being in the twentieth century. According to Marx, the ideology, politics, and art which make up the superstructure of a society are all determined by the economic structure of that society. Karl Marx discusses the basic concepts of communism in his work ‚The Communist Manifesto‛ and asserts that societies and their economic systems are constantly in a process of evolution to crea te a classless society. The point in Marxist criticism is that literature cannot be separated or isolated from the ideological and the economic realities of the society in which this li terature is produced. On the other hand, the Frankfurt School, which is practically a neo Marxist one, is a critique of the enlightenment tradition. The radical change and the dif ference of critique between the two schools lie on the intellectual basis. As an Institute for Social Research originally, the Frankfurt School developed a neo-Marxist social the ory. The members of the Frankfurt School borrowed from the theorists of the late- nine teenth century. Its members were basically pluralists. Walter Benjamin is an important member of the Frankfurt School. He was also under the influence of Marxism and showed an inclination to Marxist School, too. Benjamin mixes social criticism and lingu istic analysis with historical nostalgia. The fundamental aesthetic differentiation for him is the one between creation and formation. According to Benjamin, criticism is the pre sentation of truth of a work of art. Criticism tries to culminate, complete and systemati ze what the work of art began
SCAPING AND WITHSTANDING THE REALITY THROUGH ART IN EMILY ST. JOHN MANDEL’S STATION ELEVEN
(2020) Bülent Alan; Yunus Maviş
Having been an ever-present part of Western culture, end of time speculations, namely apocalypse scenarios, are largely originated in biblical ending scenarios and have always appealed to and intrigued the scholars in a wide range of fields, including the literati. These apocalypse and post-apocalypse scenarios have found a dominating place in literature as part of ecocriticism, which in general terms, puts nature and the themes focusing on ecology in the focal point. Covering dystopian, apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic narratives as genres, ecocriticism includes a broad range of literary and artistic studies and critical theories that emphasize nature and environment-relevant problems. Emily St. John Mandel’s Station Eleven (2014) is a distinctive example for dystopian and post-apocalyptic narratives describing the beginning of a global epidemic, Georgia Flu, and life twenty years after the catastrophe, because it both tries to explore man’s potential to create and sustain meaning through art, story and sharing in an ambitious and versatile way, and scrutinizes whether the ethical and cultural values still exist in a post-apocalyptic world, and the likely ways people live together, which is of the set of ideas suggested by post-apocalyptic literature. In this study, we argue that in Station Eleven (2014), Emily St. John Mandel considers art as an intrinsic need for humanity and the real survivor even after a probable apocalypse, and becomes a source of endurance against harsh realities of life, functioning like a home that shelters humans to which they escape.
A Liberal Feminist Approach to Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s "The Yellow Wallpaper"
(2021) Alkan, Halit
Patriarchal society gives legal rights and economic power to men only so that women are subject to men and imprisoned in private sphere. When women who are given only the role of a wife and mother begin to demand freedom and legal rights, the basis of feminism appears. This study applies liberal feminist approach to Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s "The Yellow Wallpaper" (1892) in order to analyse the gender roles in terms of patriarchal ideology of separate spheres. After giving birth to a baby, the narrator is diagnosed with hysteria by her husband John who is a physician. She is also prescribed a ‘rest cure’ for three months in the attic of an isolated house. The ‘rest cure’ causes her obsession with the yellow wallpaper and slowly drives her mad due to the limitation of thinking and of raising the consciousness of female in private sphere. To be imprisoned in a room may have enormous risks of disappointment, madness, and suicide. In order to limit a woman’s participation in the intellectual and public sphere, masculine science of nineteenth century’s patriarchal society converts ‘an angel in the house’ into ‘the madwoman in the attic’ under the name of ‘rest cure’. Gilman suggests that a woman can only free herself if her financial conditions are radically changed through finally installing a dialectical movement between private sphere and public sphere.
A Structuralist Analysis of Women’s Position in George Eliot’s "Middlemarch"
(IVPE, 2019) Alkan, Halit
Structuralism that began to be active in the 1950’s is the approach to define the relationship between the part and the whole. This study aims to analyse George Eliot’s "Middlemarch" (1872) in terms of the structuralist approach. This novel is analysed synchronically. In the surface structure of the novel, there is a plot based on the relationships between Dorothea Brooke, Edward Casaubon, Rosamond Vincy and Tertius Lydgate. In terms of syntagmatic relation, while Dorothea marries Casaubon, Rosamond marries Lydgate. Both Dorothea and Rosamond marry their spouses to actualize only their dream goals. In terms of paradigmatic relation, there is also homology of relationships between the two couples because there is an unhappy marriage between Dorothea and Casaubon as well as an unhappy marriage between Rosamond and Lydgate. In terms of syntagmatic relation, Dorothea’s husband dies; Rosamond’s husband dies; Dorothea makes a second marriage; Rosamond makes a second marriage. The novel ends but its melody continues because Dorothea and Rosamond are given no role other than being a wife and mother in the male-dominant society. Education, debt and unhappiness in the surface structure of the novel are closed signs. These signs become explicit signs in the deep structure of the novel in the following sense: While the signifier is education, the signified is enlightenment and self-knowledge; while the signifier is debt, the signified is failure and poverty; while the signifier is unhappiness, the signified is illusion and empathy. As for the deep structure of the novel, its harmony operates on binary opposition between Dorothea and Rosamond as follows: ignorance/knowledge, poverty/wealth, imaginary/reality, selfish/unselfish, love/money. The deep meaning obtained from the deep structure is as follows: There is no innate difference between men and women in terms of mental capacity, but there are prejudices imposed by the male-dominated society on women. This is because the patriarchal society does not allow women to have the same educational opportunities as men. Women who are not allowed an adequate education are left with no choice but to marry and have only the role of a wife and mother in society.
A Structuralist Analysis of Anton Chekhov’s "The Lady with the Dog"
(ISPEC Publishing House, 2019) Alkan, Halit
Structuralism that began to be active in the 1950’s is the approach to define the relationship between the part and the whole. This study aims to analyse Anton Chekhov’s "The Lady with the Dog" (1899) in terms of the structuralist approach. This short story is analysed synchronically. In the surface structure, there is a tale based on a love affair between Dmitri Dmitritch Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna who are married to other people. In terms of syntagmatic relation, Gurov marries his wife while he is a student in his second year, and Anna Sergeyevna marries her husband while she is at the age of 20. In terms of paradigmatic relation, there is also homology of relationship between the two couples because Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna both have unhappy marriages. As for the surface structure, in Section I and Section II, the setting is Yalta and the season is summer which represents warmth, freedom, pleasure, optimism while in Section III and Section IV, the setting is Moscow and the season is winter which represents coldness, oppression, pain, pessimism. As for the surface meaning, love is both pleasure and pain. Arranged marriage and love in the surface structure are closed signs. These signs become explicit signs in the deep structure in the following sense: While the signifier is marriage, the signified isdisappointment; while the signifier is love, the signified is power. As for the deep structure, itsharmony operates on binary opposition between ‘being as a subject’ and ‘being as an object’. In Section I and Section II, Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna are ‘beings as an object’ and not free because they take the judgment of others into consideration. In Section III and Section IV, Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna who fall in love with each other become ‘beings as a subject’ and free because they ignore how others judge them, make their choice, take action and take the responsibility of their decision. Its melody operates on the fixed cycle of getting married on social traditions. The short story ends but its melody continues because Gurov and Anna Sergeyevna will continue to love and meet each other in secret due to their marriage to other people. As for the deep meaning, hell is much of provincial values and unquestioning acceptance of conforming to meaningless social traditions.

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