INNOVATIONS OF ENGINEER-ARCHITECTS ON CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRIDGES
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Tarih
Mart/2020
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IKSAD Publishing House
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
The professional role of the architect is defined as "building art and science"
in its simplest form and is to design a physical environment as a
suitable place for certain human behaviors. This physical environment
should meet the basic needs of the user and create a space to ensure
certain norms such as survival, safety, physical health, mental health.
However, an architectural design is not independent, while providing a
facility for a limited number of human activities and focusing on its
specific goals and functions; it is part of a hierarchical environmental
system. Therefore, an architectural design is an intervention and
adaptation to a large natural or man-made environment. In this context,
architecture is a special action that is simultaneously introverted and
specific; it is also a general public action on the environment (Herbert,
1999; p108). The role of the civil engineer is defined as "the art of
managing large power resources in nature for human use and comfort"
and shaping the macro environment according to the needs of the human.
This definition is practically refers to the design of large urban and
regional projects such as bridges and aqueducts, roads and highways,
canals and railways, ports and dams, infrastructure schemes for drainage
and sewage. Generally, the scope that defines the field of activity of the
engineer is significantly expanded to include the design and construction
of large-scale buildings, such as train stations, factories, exhibition halls
or sports stadiums, in which innovative structural design or complex
mechanical installations dominate (Skempton, 1996).
Architecture, which has turned into a heterogeneous profession, is
associated with many disciplines and a wide range of specialized knowledge (İlerisoy ve Aycı, 2019). In this regard, the most advanced
interaction takes place with engineering discipline in terms of both theory
and practice. Despite the professional differences between architects and
engineers; they use their professional knowledge, skills and experience
for common interests of society, the protection of universal human
achievements or cultural heritage, and for the development of human
well-being. Their responsibility for the health, safety and well-being of
society is always above their personal interests or the interests of the
community of architects and engineers (Kumbasar, 2003; p17).
In the early design period, architects adopted flexible solutions to their
designs freely. However they were concerned that if a structural engineer
joined the design process at this stage, their design discoveries could be
suppressed. In contrast, architect Arthut Erickson said, "The structure is
the strongest element of the form, and even if the structure of the building
is not decided at the beginning of the design, then it may disrupt or
change all the other determinants of the building." The success of
collaborative designs of architects and engineers in the 20th and 21st
centuries structures show that there is a positive attitude on this issue
among the professions. However, there are also issues that create conflicts
between these professions. Structural engineers criticize the lack of
structural understanding of architects, being late to get advice for
appropriate structural solutions, and architects' overall standards of
cooperation. On the other hand, architects criticize engineers for their lack
of innovation and poor participation in architectural design ideas
(Charleson ve Pirie, 2009; p102). Despite these criticisms; architecture
and engineering has been one of the unquestionable components of life
since the beginning of the human need for shelter. The first examples
started in the Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia regions, when people
p2). During the transition to settled life of the nomadic people, the
importance of transportation and transportation vehicles has become an
increasing need with the development of wheels and sails. In this context, "bridges", which are one of the most important structures that facilitate
transportation in rugged areas gained importance. Until about 1950, bridges were built by professionals without a clear
distinction between engineers and architects. While there was no
distinction between engineers and architects at that time; after 1950,
engineer-architect distinction was made for the construction of bridges
and all other building groups. In this study, it was evaluated how different perspectives of people who have both architect and engineer ethics are
reflected on the design of bridges.
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