19. yüzyılda Diyarbekir'de kıtlık
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
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Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Kıtlıklar, insanların geçmişten bu yana en fazla etkilendikleri afetlerin başında gelmektedir. Ortaya çıkmaları ve sonuçları itibariyle etki alanları büyük olan bu afetler toplumların sosyo-ekonomik yapılarını her açıdan etkilemiştir. Bu çalışmada 19. yüzyılda Diyarbekir'de meydana gelen kıtlıklar sebepleri ve sonuçları bağlamında incelenmiştir. Ayrıca konunun daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için bu dönemde Diyarbekir'de başta tarım olmak üzere toplumsal refahın kaynakları ile ulaşım ve haberleşme imkânları da değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada ele alınan diğer konular kıtlıkların 19. yüzyıl Diyarbekir'inde sosyal yapıya ne şekilde etki ettiği ve devletin kıtlıklarla mücadele stratejileridir.Kıtlıklar, ortaya çıkışları itibariyle birçok olumsuzluğun müşterek sonuçlarıdır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada 19. yüzyıl Diyarbekir'inde meydana gelen kıtlıklar, başta asayişsizlik olmak üzere dönemin yerel meseleleri ile beraber ele alınmıştır. Bu nedenle Osmanlı arşiv belgeleri, konsolosluk raporları, Diyarbekir Vilayet Gazetesi gibi yerel kaynaklar analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca Diyarbekir'e gelen seyyahların ve dönemin bazı müelliflerinin yazdıkları kitaplar da bu çalışmanın ana kaynaklarındandır.Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre 19. yüzyılda Diyarbekir'de ulaşım ve taşıma imkânlarının yetersizliği tüketim maddelerinin teminini tamamen yerele bağımlı hale getirmiştir. Bu dönemde Anadolu'nun birçok yerinde olduğu gibi Diyarbekir'de de iaşe büyük oranda buğdaya bağlı olduğundan, tarımsal üretimi olumsuz etkileyen başta kuraklıklar, göçebe aşiretlerin baskıları, çekirge istilaları, salgın hastalıklar gibi birçok mesele kıtlıklara zemin hazırlamıştır. Özellikle yüzyıl boyunca eksik olmayan asayişsizlikler kıtlığa neden olan bu olumsuzlukların etkilerini daha da artırmış hatta bunların etkilerini de aşarak kıtlığın sürekli hale gelmesinde katalizör görevi görmüştür.
Famines are one of the disasters that people have been most affected by since the past. These disasters, which have a large impact area in terms of their emergence and consequences, have affected the socio-economic structures of societies in every aspect. In this study, the famines that occurred in Diyarbekir in the 19th century were examined in the context of their causes and consequences. In addition, in order to better understand the subject, the resources of social welfare, especially agriculture, as well as transportation and communication opportunities in Diyarbekir during this period were evaluated. Other topics discussed in the study are how famines affected the social structure in 19th century Diyarbekir and what the government's strategies were to combat famines.Famines are the common result of many negativities. Therefore, in this study, the famines that occurred in Diyarbekir in the 19th century were discussed together with the local issues of the period, especially the disorder. For this reason, local sources such as Ottoman archive documents, consular reports, Diyarbekir Vilayet Newspaper were analyzed. In addition, the books written by the travelers who came to Diyarbekir and some authors of the period are also the main sources of this study.According to the results of this study, the inadequacy of transportation facilities in Diyarbekir in the 19th century made the supply of consumer goods completely dependent on the local. In this period, as in many parts of Anatolia, as the nutrition was largely dependent on wheat in Diyarbekir, many issues such as droughts, pressure of nomadic tribes, infestation of locust, epidemic diseases, which adversely affected agricultural production, paved the way for famines. In particular, the constant insecurity throughout the century increased the effects of these negativities that caused famine and even surpassed their effects and acted as a catalyst for the famine to become permanent.
Famines are one of the disasters that people have been most affected by since the past. These disasters, which have a large impact area in terms of their emergence and consequences, have affected the socio-economic structures of societies in every aspect. In this study, the famines that occurred in Diyarbekir in the 19th century were examined in the context of their causes and consequences. In addition, in order to better understand the subject, the resources of social welfare, especially agriculture, as well as transportation and communication opportunities in Diyarbekir during this period were evaluated. Other topics discussed in the study are how famines affected the social structure in 19th century Diyarbekir and what the government's strategies were to combat famines.Famines are the common result of many negativities. Therefore, in this study, the famines that occurred in Diyarbekir in the 19th century were discussed together with the local issues of the period, especially the disorder. For this reason, local sources such as Ottoman archive documents, consular reports, Diyarbekir Vilayet Newspaper were analyzed. In addition, the books written by the travelers who came to Diyarbekir and some authors of the period are also the main sources of this study.According to the results of this study, the inadequacy of transportation facilities in Diyarbekir in the 19th century made the supply of consumer goods completely dependent on the local. In this period, as in many parts of Anatolia, as the nutrition was largely dependent on wheat in Diyarbekir, many issues such as droughts, pressure of nomadic tribes, infestation of locust, epidemic diseases, which adversely affected agricultural production, paved the way for famines. In particular, the constant insecurity throughout the century increased the effects of these negativities that caused famine and even surpassed their effects and acted as a catalyst for the famine to become permanent.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Tarih, History, 19. yüzyıl, 19. century, Diyarbakır, Diyarbakır, Kıtlık, Famine, Osmanlı Devleti, Ottoman State
