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Öğe Clinical Relevance of Preoperative Neutrophil to Lymphocyte and Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio in Renal Cell Carcinoma(Journal of Urological Surgery, 2018) Kölükçü, Engin; Kılıç, Şahin; Atılgan, Doğan; Parlaktaş, Bekir; Ceylan, Salih; Unsal, Velid; Etikan, İlkerObjective: The association of preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) with postoperative tumor stage and Fuhrman nuclear grade was investigated in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Materials and Methods: Data of 123 patients, who were operated due to RCC, in our clinic was analysed. NLR and PLR were evaluated in patients who were classified according to tumor stage (T1 and T2 low stage, T3 and T4 high stage) and Fuhrman nuclear grade (grade 1 and 2 low-grade, grade 3 and 4 high-grade). NLR and PLR were compared using Levene’s test between the groups. Results: Sixty four patients were female (52.1%) and 59 were male (47.9%). All haematological parameters were expressed as 103 /μL. Mean age, blood neutrophil, lymphocyte and platelet counts, and NLR and PLR values of the patients were 62.49±12.43 years, 6.27±2.8, 2.05±0.83, 263.72±89.03, 4.01±3.93, and 149.73±82.1, respectively. The most common histologic subtype was recorded as clear cell RCC (76.4%). NLR and PLR were 3.83±3.22 and 142.79±66.66, respectively in the low-stage group and 4.43±5.29 and 165.85±109.41, respectively in the high stage group. As for the Fuhrman nuclear grading, NLR and PLR were 3.81±3.45 and 146.63±87.36, respectively in the low-grade group and 4.61±5.387 and 159.32±63.42 in the high-grade group. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Although not statistically significant, high tumor stage and nuclear grade were positively correlated with NLR and PLR. It is concluded that, further multi-center and prospective studies with larger samples are needed to derive meaningful results.Öğe Clinical significance of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in patients with low-risk prostate cancer(Annals of Medical Research, 2021) Kölükçü, Engin; Ozbek, Latif Mustafa; Unsal, VelidAim: Active surveillance is a highly emphasized approach to low-risk prostate cancer. Upgrading and upstaging should be evaluated carefully in this strategic management. This study aimed to analyze the relationship of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) with these two clinical conditions. Materials and Methods: Demographic data, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, prostate volumes, NLR, disease stages, and Gleason scores of 59 low-risk prostate cancer patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and met active surveillance criteria were evaluated in our clinic. The patients were examined in four groups according to their postoperative pathology specimens. Accordingly, the patients with upgrading Group 1, while those without formed Group 2. Similarly, Group 3 consisted of the cases with upstaging and the patients with no upstaging were determined as Group 4. Results: Median age, PSA levels, prostate volumes, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts of the patients were 69.0 (63.0-72.0) years, 7.24 (5.50-8.90) ng/dL, 65.0 (60.0-65.0) cc, 6.40 (4.87-8.73) K/uL, and 2.50 (1.60-3.10) K/uL, respectively. Prostate volume and age distribution were similar between the groups. PSA levels were higher in Group 1 and Group 3 than those in Group 2 and Group 4 (p=0.012 and p=0.049, respectively). NLR was 3.54 (1.89-5.45) and 1.94 (1.68-3.76) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Although these values were low in Group 2, a statistically significant relationship could not be established (p=0.266). NLR in groups 3 and 4 was 2.46 (1.52-5.45) and 2.24 (1.68-4.35), respectively. The NLR level in Group 3 was high; however, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.953). Conclusion: The study let us to conclude that NLR alone is not sufficient to predict the clinical course of patients with low-risk prostate cancer.Öğe An Experimental Rat Model Study: Is There Any Effect of Syringic Acid on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Priapism?(Springer, 2023) Sarıkaya, Kubilay; Kölükçü, Engin; Unsal, Velid; Özdemir, SüleymanPurpose The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of syringic acid on ischemia-reperfusion injury in cavernosal tissue, utilizing a rat model of induced priapism. Materials and methods A total of 24 rats were allocated into three groups. Group 1 was designated as the control group, while Group 2 underwent ischemia-reperfusion injury assessment using the priapism model. Group 3 underwent the same procedures as Group 2, with the addition of intraperitoneal administration of syringic acid (100 mg/kg) 60 min after priapism initiation. All rats underwent penectomy, and sufficient blood samples were collected. Histopathological assessment of penile cavernosal tissue involved grading tissue damage, inflammation, vasocongestion, desquamation, and edema on a scale of 0-3 (0: normal, 1: mild, 2: moderate, 3: severe). Result Significant differences were observed among the three groups in terms of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha levels (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha levels in Group 2 were found to be significantly higher than Group 3 (p=0.003 and p=0.004). There was also a significant difference among the three groups in terms of median MDA levels (p<0.001). Furthermore, the median MDA level in Group 2 was found to be significantly higher than that in Group 3 (p<0.001). While significant differences were observed among the three groups in terms of median SOD and GSH-px levels, no significant difference was found among the groups in terms of median PC levels (p=0.004, p= 0.048, and p=0.159, respectively). In direct microscopic examination, a significant improvement in pathological scores was noted in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p<0.001). Conclusion Syringic acid demonstrated protective properties against ischemia-reperfusion injury caused by priapism in cavernosal tissue.Öğe Milrinone ameliorates ischaemia-reperfusion injury in experimental testicular torsion/detorsion rat model(Andrologia, 2021) Unsal, Velid; Kölükçü, Engin; Atılgan, Doğan; Uluocak, Nihat; Deresoy, Faik Alev; Katar, MuzafferThis experimental study aims to evaluate the efficacy of milrinone against ischaemia-reperfusion injury due to testicular torsion/detorsion. Group 1 was defined as the control group. Testicular torsion/detorsion model was performed in Group 2. Group 3 had similar procedures to the rats in Group 2. In addition, 0.5 mg/kg of milrinone was administered intraperitoneally immediately after testicular torsion in Group 3. Histopathological examinations indicated a dramatic improvement in terms of inflammation, haemorrhage, oedema, congestion, Cosentino and Johnson scores in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p =.037, p =.045, p =.018, p =.040, p =.033 and p =.03 respectively). Blood biochemical analyses, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels increased significantly in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p =.001, p =.024 and p <.001). Malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels decreased in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p =.001, p =.018, p <.001, p =.036 and p =.002 respectively). Tissue biochemical analyses determined an increase in SOD and GSH-px activity in Group 3 compared to Group 2, while PC and MDA levels were reduced (p =.001, p <.001, p =.038 and p <.001 respectively). Milrinone attenuates ischaemia-reperfusion injury that causes highly harmful effects due to testicular torsion/detorsion.Öğe Protective effects of dexmedetomidine on ischaemia-reperfusion injury in an experimental rat model of priapism(Andrologia, 2021) Unsal, Velid; Kölükçü, Engin; S. Parlaktaş, Bekir; Kölükçü, Vildan; Fırat, Fatih; Deresoy, Faik A.; Katar, Muzaffer; Kuyucu, Yunus EmreThe study aimed to investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine against ischaemia-reperfusion injury occurring after priapism in a model of induced-priapism in rats. A total of 18 male rats were randomised into three groups. Group 1 was the control group. A priapism model was performed rats in Group 2 and then ischaemia-reperfusion injury was evaluated. Group 3 had similar procedures to the rats in Group 2. Rats in Group 3 additionally had 100 μg/kg dexmedetomidine administered intraperitoneally immediately after reperfusion. Blood and tissue samples were analysed. Biochemical analysis of blood samples revealed a decrease in the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 Beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p:.04, p:.009 and p:.009, respectively). Similarly, the highest malondialdehyde (MDA) level was in Group 2 (p:.002). The levels of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were significantly higher in Group 3 than that of Group 2 (p:.037 and p:.045, respectively). Direct microscopic examinations revealed positive changes in desquamation, oedema, inflammation and vasocongestion scores in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p:.007, p:.008, p:.007 and p:.006, respectively). Dexmedetomidine has a protective effect against ischaemia-reperfusion injury in penile tissue.Öğe Protective Effects of Syringic Acid on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Testicular Torsion: An Experimental Study in a Rat Model(CUREUS INC, 2023) Sarıkaya, Kubilay; Kölükçü, Engin; Unsal, VelidAim: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of syringic acid in preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury following detorsion in a rat model of induced testicular torsion.Material and methods: In our study, a total of 24 rats, eight in each group, were used. Group 1 served as the control group. Group 2 underwent testicular torsion and detorsion. Group 3 underwent the same procedures as Group 2, but also received 100 mg/kg syringic acid immediately following ischemia. Spectrophotometric analysis was performed on blood samples, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), as well as the values of malondialdehyde (MDA), were evaluated under direct microscopic examination of the testis to determine tissue injury. The architecture of the seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis processes were graded using the Johnsen and Cosentino scoring systems.Results: The mean value of MDA was higher in Group 2 compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). Group 3 demonstrated a decline in the concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor -alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1 beta, as indicated by biochemical analysis of blood samples, when compared to Group 2 (p-values: 0.045, 0.001, and <0.001, respectively). In addition, the improvement in Johnsen and Cosentino scores was significantly higher in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p = 0.028 and p = 0.001, respectively).Conclusion: These findings suggest that syringic acid has a protective effect against testicular oxidative damage.Öğe Relationship Between Lymph Node Metastasis and Lymph Node Density and Preoperative Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy(UROONKOLOJI BULTENI-BULLETIN OF UROONCOLOGY, 2021) Kölükçü, Engin; Atılgan, Doğan; Kuyucu, Yunus Emre; Unsal, Velid; Özbek, Latif MustafaObjective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and lymph node metastasis and lymph node density after radical cystectomy in patients with invasive urinary bladder cancer. Materials and Methods: Data of 89 patients who underwent radical cystectomy were examined. Our study included only cases with stage 2 urothelial bladder cancer. They were classified according to the lymph node status based on the surgical specimen. Patients with negative results were classified as group 1 and those with positive results as group 2. Patients in group 2 were further evaluated in two subgroups according to their lymph node density. Accordingly, group 2A consisted of patients with lymph node density of <20%, and group 2B involved those with lymph node density of ≥20%. Groups were compared statistically according to NLR. Results: Of the patients, 71 (79.8%) were male. The patients’ mean ages and neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were 67.36±8.64 years, 6.89±3.02 K/µL, and 3.08±2.18 K/µL, respectively. NLRs of groups 1 and 2 were 2.80±2.25 and 4.59±2.97, respectively. The relationship between group 1 and 2 tumors was significant (p=0.008). NLR values were 3.82±2.49 and 5.20±3.25 in groups 2A and 2B, respectively. However, no significant relationship was found between these values (p=0.235). Conclusion: Although no positive correlation was found between NLR and lymph node density, we think that this inflammation marker is an invaluable parameter to predict lymph node metastasisÖğe Renoprotective effect of diacerein in rats with partial unilateral ureteral obstruction model(WALTER DE GRUYTER, 2024) Kölükçü, Engin; Unsal, Velid; Fırat, Fatih; Gevrek, Fikret; Katar, MuzafferObjectives: We aimed to analyze the effects of diacerein in a rat model of partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO). Methods: We randomly divided 24 female rats into three groups. Control group, PUUO group and PUUO + diacerein group. The PUUO group was subjected to the PUUO model for seven days. The PUUO + diacerein group received oral diacerein (80 mg/kg) for seven days. Spectrophotometric methods were employed to measure oxidative stress parameters, including malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and antioxidant enzyme levels, including glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while indicators of renal function, such as kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinous-associated lipocalin (NGAL), along with inflammatory parameters interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were assessed using the ELISA method. Inflammatory parameters were measured in blood samples, and other parameters were analyzed in kidney tissue. Hematoxylin-eosin method examinations were used for histological analyses. Results: IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 levels were found to be significantly decreased in the PUUO + diacerein group compared to the PUUO group (p=0.006, p=0.002 and p=0.001, respectively). In the PUUO + diacerein group, GSH-Px and SOD activities increased compared with the PUUO group (p=0.031 and p=0.037, respectively). We also observed a significant improvement in renal function parameters, such as KIM-1 and NGAL levels in the PUUO + diacerein group compared to PUUO (p=0.002 and p=0.012, respectively). The PC and MDA levels were highest in the PUUO group (p<0.001). Similarly, the histopathologic tissue damage was the most prominent PUUO group (p<0.001). Conclusions: Our study found that diacerein is a highly effective pharmacologic agent in alleviating oxidative damage in PUUO model rats.Öğe The Role of Natural Antioxidants Against Reactive Oxygen Species Produced by Cadmium Toxicity: A Review(TUOMS PRESS, 2020) Unsal, Velid; Dalkıran, Tahir; Çiçek, Mustafa; Kölükçü, EnginCadmium (Cd) is a significant ecotoxic heavy metal that adversely affects all biological processes of humans, animals and plants. Exposure to acute and chronic Cd damages many organs in humans and animals (e.g. lung, liver, brain, kidney, and testes). In humans, the Cd concentration at birth is zero, but because the biological half-life is long (about 30 years in humans), the concentration increases with age. The industrial developments of the last century have significantly increased the use of this metal. Especially in developing countries, this consumption is higher. Oxidative stress is the imbalance between antioxidants and oxidants. Cd increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and causes oxidative stress. Excess cellular levels of ROS cause damage to proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, membranes and organelles. This damage has been associated with various diseases. These include cancer, hypertension, ischemia/perfusion, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, insulin resistance, acute respiratory distress syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, skin diseases, chronic kidney disease, eye diseases, neurodegenerative diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Huntington disease). Natural antioxidants are popular drugs that are used by the majority of people and have few side effects. Natural antioxidants play an important role in reducing free radicals caused by Cd toxicity. Our goal in this review is to establish the relationship between Cd and oxidative stress and to discuss the role of natural antioxidants in reducing Cd toxicity.Öğe Sinapic acid reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury due to testicular torsion/detorsion in rats(Andrologia, 2021) Unsal, Velid; Kölükçü, Engin; Gevrek, Fikret; Fırat, FatihThis study aimed to investigate the protective effect of sinapic acid (SA) on biochemical and histopathological changes in an experimental testicular torsion-detorsion rat model. Twenty-four rats were randomised into four groups: sham group, ischemia/reperfusion (IR) group subjected to testicular torsion for 2 hr and then detorsion for 4 hr, and two groups treated with SA1 and SA2 (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, by single intraperitoneal injection, 30 min before reperfusion). Serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by an autoanalyzer, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), and nitric oxide (NO) oxidative stress parameters by spectrophotometric methods, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) parameters by the Elisa method. In addition, immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations were performed on testicular tissues. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of serum testosterone, FSH and LH levels (p >.05). SA significantly reduced increased testicular damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, cell death and also restored decreased antioxidant enzyme activities (p <.05). Pre-treatment of rats with SA reduced testicular dysfunction and morphological changes IRI. SA's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties were found to be protective against testicular IR
