Ebû Ubeyd’in Nesih Anlayışı
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Tarih
2022
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Hitit ilahiyat dergisi
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
İslam ilimlerinin teşekkül ettiği dönemde mutlak ictihad ehliyetine sahip çok sayıda âlim yetişmiştir. Sözü edilen âlimlerden biri, Ebû Ubeyd el-Kâsım b. Sellâm b. Miskîn el-Herevî’dir. Dönemin birçok meşhur âliminden ilim tahsilini gören Ebû Ubeyd, hem ilim hem de siyaset çevresi üzerine büyük bir etki bırakmıştır. Bu nedenle de farklı mezhep biyograficisi tarafından paylaşılamamıştır. Nitekim kimi Şâfiî tabakât yazarları, Ebû Ubeyd’i İmam Şâfiî’nin müntesibinden saymıştır. Buna mukabil bazı Hanbelî tabakât yazarları Ebû Ubeyd’i Hanbelî fukahâsının tabakâtı içinde zikretmiştir. Ancak Ebû Ubeyd’in herhangi bir mezhebin müntesibi değil, müstakil bir müctehid olarak görülmesinin daha doğru olacağı kanaati hâsıl olmuştur. Zira onun, kendi eserlerinde İmam Şâfiî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’den ziyade daha çok İmam Mâlik’e atıf yapması ve bazen Ebû Hanîfe ve imameynin görüşlerine müracaat etmesi bunu göstermektedir. Fakih ve muhaddis yönleriyle ön plana çıkan Ebû Ubeyd, özellikle bu iki ilimle sıkı ilişkisi olan nesih konusu hakkında derin bir bilgi elde etmiş ve bu konuda en-Nâsiḫ ve’l-mensûḫ fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿazîz ve mâ fîhi mine’l-ferâʾiż ve’s-sünen adında nadide bir eser kaleme almıştır. Ebû Ubeyd’in nesih anlayışı ortaya konulurken temel kaynak olarak en-Nâsiḫ ve’l-mensûḫ adlı eserine başvurulmuştur. Bunun yanı sıra onun başta Kitâbu’l-emvâl adlı eseri olmak üzere konuyla alakası bulunan diğer çalışmaları da müracaat edilen birinci el kaynaklar arasında yer almıştır. Onun nesihle ilgili yaklaşımını, konuya ilişkin sarf ettiği ifadelerinden ve bu minvalde verdiği örneklerden hareketle tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda da çalışmada Ebû Ubeyd’in nesih mahiyetine ve çerçevesine yönelik yaklaşımı ve birbirlerini neshedebilen delillerle ilgili görüşleri irdelenmiştir. Ebû Ubeyd neshi, “şer‘î hükmün sonradan gelen şer‘î bir delille ortadan kaldırılması” şeklinde usûldeki yerleşik anlamıyla değil, “şer‘î bir hükmün sonradan gelen bir delille değişikliğe uğraması” olarak daha geniş bir anlamda ele almıştır. Bu çerçevede neshi, yaygın manasının yanı sıra âmmın tahsisi, mutlakın takyidi, mücmelin beyanı, yanlış bir anlayışın düzeltilmesi ve genel bir hükümden yapılan istisna için de kullanmıştır. Bu da sahâbe, tâbiîn ve ilk dönme âlimlerin nesih anlayışı olarak bilinmektedir. Ancak Ebû Ubeyd’in İmam Şâfiî’nin yaşıtı olmasına rağmen ve eserlerini istinsah edip istifade ettiği halde, onun benimsediği nesih anlayışını değil de selefin konuya ilişkin yaklaşımını tercih etmesi dikkat çekicidir. Bunun araştırılması önem arz etmektedir. Ebû Ubeyd birbirlerini neshedebilecek durumda olan şer‘î deliller hususunda cumhurun yaklaşımını benimsemiştir. Ona göre Kur’an ayetleri birbirlerinineshedebilir. Bununla ilgili birçok örnek vermiştir. Burada dikkat çeken diğer bir husus, Ebû Ubeyd’in Kur’an ayeti için kullanılan nesih kavramını, levh-i mahfuz’dan istinsah etmek, tilaveti baki olup hükmü ortadan kalkan ayet ve hem hükmü hem de tilaveti birlikte iptal edilip insanların kalplerinden çıkarılan ayet şeklinde farklı anlamlarda kullanmasıdır. Ebû Ubeyd, sünnetin sünnet ile neshi konusunda âhâd ve mütevâtir ayrımı yapmaksızın mutlak olarak sünnetin sünnet ile neshedilebileceğini ifade etmiştir. Fakat âhâd sünnetin kendi benzeriyle neshedildiğine dair birçok örnek vermesine rağmen mütevâtirin kendi benzeriyle veya âhâdla ve âhâd sünnetin mütevâtir sünnetle neshedilmesine dair herhangi bir örneğe rastlanılmamıştır. Konuyla ilgili serdettiği ifadelerinden anlaşıldığı kadarıyla Ebû Ubeyd, hem mütevâtir hem de âhâd sünnetin Kur’an ile neshedebileceğini caiz görmüştür. Ancak ilgili çalışmalarında âhâd sünnetin Kur’an ile neshedilmesi kısmına örnek bulunurken diğeri için herhangi bir örnek bulunmamaktadır. Kur’an’ın sünnet ile neshedilebileceği konusuna ilişkin net ifadesi bulunmamakla beraber verdiği bazı örneklerden buna cevaz verdiği anlaşılmaktadır.
In the period when Islamic sciences were formed, a large number of scholars with absolute ijtihad capacity were trained. One of the scholars mentioned is Abu ‘Ubayd al-Qāsim ibn Sallām al-Khurāsānī al-Harawī who was educated by many famous scholars of the period, had a great influence on both the scientific and political circles. For this reason, he could not be shared by different sect biographers. As a matter of fact, some Shafi'i tabaqat writers counted Ebû Ubeyd as a follower of Imam Shafii. On the other hand, some Hanbali scholars have mentioned Ebû Ubeyd among the class of Hanbali scholars. However, it was concluded that it would be more correct to see Ebû Ubeyd as an independent mujtahid rather than a follower of any madhhab. For, in his own works, the fact that he refers more to Imam Malik rather than Imam Shafii and Ahmad ibn Hanbal and sometimes refers to the views of Abu Hanifa and Imamey indicates this. Ebû Ubeyd, who came to the forefront with his faqih and muhaddis aspects, had a deep knowledge of the subject of naskh, which has a close relationship with these two sciences, and in this regard, he wrote a rare work called en-Nâsiḫ ve’l-mensûḫ fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿazîz ve mâ fîhi mine’l-ferâʾiż ve’s-sünen. While revealing Ebû Ubeyd's understanding of naskh, his work en-Nâsiḫ ve’l-mensûḫ was used as the main source. In addition to this, his other works related to the subject, especially his work called Kitâbu’l-emvâl, were among the first hand sources that were consulted. It has been tried to determine his approach to naskh based on the statements he made on the subject and the examples he gave in this regard. In this context, Ebû Ubeyd's approach to the nature and framework of naskh and his views on the evidences that can abrogate each other are examined in this study. Ebû Ubeyd discussed the abrogation in a broader sense as "the modification of a shar'i ruling by a later evidence", not the established meaning in the methodology as "removal of a shar'i ruling with a later shar'i proof". In this context, naskh is also used for the allocation of public, the denial of the absolute, the statement of conciseness, the correction of a wrong understanding and the exception made from a general rule. This is known as the understanding of naskh among the companions, tābi‘īn and early convert scholars. However, although Ebû Ubeyd is at the same age as Imam Shafii and has copied and benefited from his works, it is noteworthy that he preferred the predecessor's approach to the subject rather than the naskh understanding he adopted. It is important to investigate this. He adopted the approach of the public regarding the Shari'a evidences of Ebû Ubeyd that could naskh each other. According to him, the verses of the Qur'an can naskh each other. He gave many examples of this. Another point that draws attention here is to ascribe the concept of naskh used for the verse of the Qur'an by Ebû Ubeyd, from the Lawh-i Mahfuz, in the form of a verse whose recitation is lasting and its meaning is naskhed, and a verse that is removed from people's hearts by canceling both its recitation and used in different meanings. Ebû Ubeyd stated that sunnah can be naskhed with sunnah, without making any distinction between ahad and mutawatir about sunnah and its naskh. However, despite giving many examples of the naskh of the âhâd sunnah with its own like, no example has been encountered of the naskh of the âhâd sunnah with its own like or with âhâd and the âhâd sunnah with the mutawatir sunnah. As it can be understood from my statements on the subject, Ebû Ubeyd saw that it is permissible to naskh both mutawatir and ahad sunnah with the Qur'an. However, while there is an example for the naskh of the ahad sunnah with the Qur'an in his related works, there is no example for the other. Although there is no clear statement on the issue that the Qur'an can be naskhed with the sunnah, it is understood from some examples that he gives permission for this.
In the period when Islamic sciences were formed, a large number of scholars with absolute ijtihad capacity were trained. One of the scholars mentioned is Abu ‘Ubayd al-Qāsim ibn Sallām al-Khurāsānī al-Harawī who was educated by many famous scholars of the period, had a great influence on both the scientific and political circles. For this reason, he could not be shared by different sect biographers. As a matter of fact, some Shafi'i tabaqat writers counted Ebû Ubeyd as a follower of Imam Shafii. On the other hand, some Hanbali scholars have mentioned Ebû Ubeyd among the class of Hanbali scholars. However, it was concluded that it would be more correct to see Ebû Ubeyd as an independent mujtahid rather than a follower of any madhhab. For, in his own works, the fact that he refers more to Imam Malik rather than Imam Shafii and Ahmad ibn Hanbal and sometimes refers to the views of Abu Hanifa and Imamey indicates this. Ebû Ubeyd, who came to the forefront with his faqih and muhaddis aspects, had a deep knowledge of the subject of naskh, which has a close relationship with these two sciences, and in this regard, he wrote a rare work called en-Nâsiḫ ve’l-mensûḫ fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿazîz ve mâ fîhi mine’l-ferâʾiż ve’s-sünen. While revealing Ebû Ubeyd's understanding of naskh, his work en-Nâsiḫ ve’l-mensûḫ was used as the main source. In addition to this, his other works related to the subject, especially his work called Kitâbu’l-emvâl, were among the first hand sources that were consulted. It has been tried to determine his approach to naskh based on the statements he made on the subject and the examples he gave in this regard. In this context, Ebû Ubeyd's approach to the nature and framework of naskh and his views on the evidences that can abrogate each other are examined in this study. Ebû Ubeyd discussed the abrogation in a broader sense as "the modification of a shar'i ruling by a later evidence", not the established meaning in the methodology as "removal of a shar'i ruling with a later shar'i proof". In this context, naskh is also used for the allocation of public, the denial of the absolute, the statement of conciseness, the correction of a wrong understanding and the exception made from a general rule. This is known as the understanding of naskh among the companions, tābi‘īn and early convert scholars. However, although Ebû Ubeyd is at the same age as Imam Shafii and has copied and benefited from his works, it is noteworthy that he preferred the predecessor's approach to the subject rather than the naskh understanding he adopted. It is important to investigate this. He adopted the approach of the public regarding the Shari'a evidences of Ebû Ubeyd that could naskh each other. According to him, the verses of the Qur'an can naskh each other. He gave many examples of this. Another point that draws attention here is to ascribe the concept of naskh used for the verse of the Qur'an by Ebû Ubeyd, from the Lawh-i Mahfuz, in the form of a verse whose recitation is lasting and its meaning is naskhed, and a verse that is removed from people's hearts by canceling both its recitation and used in different meanings. Ebû Ubeyd stated that sunnah can be naskhed with sunnah, without making any distinction between ahad and mutawatir about sunnah and its naskh. However, despite giving many examples of the naskh of the âhâd sunnah with its own like, no example has been encountered of the naskh of the âhâd sunnah with its own like or with âhâd and the âhâd sunnah with the mutawatir sunnah. As it can be understood from my statements on the subject, Ebû Ubeyd saw that it is permissible to naskh both mutawatir and ahad sunnah with the Qur'an. However, while there is an example for the naskh of the ahad sunnah with the Qur'an in his related works, there is no example for the other. Although there is no clear statement on the issue that the Qur'an can be naskhed with the sunnah, it is understood from some examples that he gives permission for this.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
İslam hukuku, Nesih, Ebû Ubeyd, Şâfiî, Şer‘î Hüküm, Islamic Law, Naskh, Ebû Ubeyd, Shafi, Shari
Kaynak
Hitit ilahiyat dergisi
WoS Q Değeri
N/A
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
Sayı
Künye
YAŞAR M, NAS T (2022). Ebû Ubeyd’in Nesih Anlayışı. , 689 - 716. 10.14395/hid.1064547
