Organik Tarım Bölümü Koleksiyonu

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12514/109

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Neoscytalidium dimidiatum: A newly identified postharvest pathogen of pears and its implications for pome fruits
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Derviş, Sibel; Zholdoshbekova, Sezim; Güler Güney, İnci; Özer, Göksel
Türkiye is a prominent contributor to pear and diverse pome fruit production. Pear fruit with unusual brown to black spots and rot symptoms observed in public marketplaces in Mardin province have raised concerns regarding postharvest fruit health. The consistent isolation of a fungus from these fruits revealed morphological features indicative of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum. Phylogenetic confirmation of its identity ensued through BLASTn searches targeting, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA, the partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1), and the partial β-tubulin gene (tub2). Pathogenicity evaluations were conducted on common pome fruits, namely pears, apples, and quinces, unveiling the susceptibility of all examined fruits to postharvest infection by this emergent pathogen. Furthermore, an investigation was carried out to discern the pathogen's response to varying temperature ranges on pear fruits, revealing that the most pronounced lesions occurred at 30°C, followed by 25°C, 35°C, and 20°C. Conversely, no lesion development was observed at 10°C, 15°C, or 40°C. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report of N. dimidiatum as the etiological agent responsible for postharvest rot in pear fruit. The implications of these findings highlight the potential threat posed by this pathogen to pome fruits postharvest, especially in regions where cold storage facilities are not widely utilized, warranting increased vigilance and preventive measures.
Morphological, physiological, molecular, and pathogenic insights into the characterization of Phytophthora polonica from a novel host, hazelnut (Corylus avellana)
(Elsevier, 2024) Türkkan, Muharrem; Özer, Göksel; Derviş, Sibel
Hazelnuts, constituting a significant global crop, hold paramount importance in Türkiye, contributing to approximately 71.14 % of the world's hazelnut cultivation area. In the summer of 2023, hazelnut trees in two orchards situated in the Altınordu district of Ordu province, within the Black Sea region of Türkiye, the largest producer and exporter of hazelnuts, exhibited symptoms of decline associated with root rot. Phytophthora sp. was consistently isolated from necrotic taproots, initiating an in-depth study to discern the causal agent behind the observed hazelnut decline. The species was identified as P. polonica by its distinctive morphological traits, including homothallic characteristics, amphigynous or paragynous antheridia, long nonbranching sporangiophores, and nonpapillate sporangia with internal proliferation. Multiple genetic markers (ITS, tub2, and COI) facilitated a clear differentiation of P. polonica from other Phytophthora species within Clade 9, supporting its classification within Subclade 9b. This investigation also evaluated the impact of diverse nutrient media (CA, V8A, and CMA), temperatures, and pH levels on the mycelial growth of P. polonica HPp-1 and HPp-2 isolates. The optimal conditions for maximal mycelial growth were determined through the D-optimal design of the Response Surface Method, revealing the significant influence of all factors on mycelial growth. The identified optimal conditions were at 26.09 °C, pH 5.12, with CMA as the nutrient medium. Validation experiments conducted under these optimal conditions unveiled mycelial growth of 7.24 ± 0.15 mm day−1 and 6.81 ± 0.09 mm day−1 for P. polonica HPp-1 and HPp-2 isolates, respectively, with an error of less than 5 %. Pathogenicity assessments confirmed P. polonica's virulence on hazelnuts, with distinct lesion development observed in twig inoculation, cut stem segments, and foliar tests. While no statistically significant difference was noted in lesion areas between HPp-1 and HPp-2 isolates in twig and stem segment assays, a statistical difference in leaf lesion areas (19.96 ± 2.04 cm2 and 9.16 ± 3.43 cm2) emerged in foliar tests after only a 5-day incubation period, indicating their high susceptibility to the pathogen. This study is the first to report P. polonica as a hazelnut pathogen in Türkiye and around the world, highlighting the previously non-existent threat of Phytophthora root rot in hazelnuts, given the substantial lack of scientifically documented cases related to hazelnut root rot diseases. The quadratic model design employed in physiological analyses is reliable for optimizing mycelial growth and can serve as a guiding framework for similar investigations.
The impact of some animal products on agricultural gross domestic product in Türkiye: A time series analysis
(REVISTA BRASILEIRA ZOOTECNIA BRAZILIAN JOURNAL ANIMAL SCI, 2024) Acıbuca, Veysi
The relationship between animal products and agricultural gross domestic product (AGDP) in Turkiye was investigated in this study. We used data of eight animal products (cow milk, sheep milk, beef, mutton, poultry meat, eggs, wool, and honey) from 1980 to 2020. After checking the stationarity of the series by the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, the Johansen cointegration test was used to establish the existence of a long-term relationship between animal products and AGDP, and the results were interpreted using The Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) analysis. According to the findings, honey, beef, poultry meat, mutton, eggs, and wool had a positive and significant relationship with AGDP in Turkiye, whereas sheep milk and cow milk and AGDP was not significant. The total effect of the examined animal products on AGDP was 0.61%. The results showed that wool was the most important contributor to AGDP among the products analyzed. Therefore, it is suggested that policymakers develop funding strategies to expand the production of these products.
Assessment of the Relationship Between Humic Acid Contents and Trace Elements of Some Agricultural Soils in Diyarbakır Region by Multivariate Statistical Methods
(Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, 2024) Düzgün, Mehmet; Eren, Abdullah; Bilge, Uğur; Ceylan, Ramazan; Selçuk, Ramazan; Düz, M. Zahir
There are important relationships between humic acid (HA) and the bioavailability, reactions and mobility of trace elements in the soil. For this reason, soils are tried to be improved chemically, biologically and physically with HA applications. In this study, the relationship of humic acid contents of 118 agricultural soil samples from Diyarbakır region with some trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Fe, Mn, Pb, Sb, Sn, Se, V and P) was evaluated by multivariate statistical analysis. After the soil samples were solubilized by the microwave wet digestion method, the element contents were determined with the ICP OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer) device. SRM NIST 2586 was used as SRM (Standard Reference Material) for the accuracy of the method. Recovery values were found between 91.6% and 105.9% as a result of the analysis. Humic acid was extracted from soils by the International Society for Humic Substances (IHSS) method and determined using a shaker and centrifuge device. For the accuracy of the method, it was tested with Humic Acid Sodium Salt (HA-Na). Pearson correlation and partial correlation analysis were applied to the obtained data set. In addition, multivariate statistical analyses such as multiple regression HCA (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) and PCA (Principal Component Analysis) were applied. Multiple regression analysis was performed according to the Step-wise method. Manganese and P (p< 0.01) were significant when HA was taken as the dependent variable. According to the Pearson correlation coefficient, the correlation between HA and As (r = -0.282**) in soil was negative and significant, while Fe (r = 0.185*), Mn (r = 0.273**)), Sn (r = 0.242*), Se (r = 0.325**) and P (r = 0.315**) were determined as positive and significant. In clustering and PCA analysis, HA, P Mn and Fe were found to be in the same group. The analyses have shown that HA has a positive effect on the plant nutrients in the soil.
Plant-Associated Neoscytalidium dimidiatum-Taxonomy, Host Range, Epidemiology, Virulence, and Management Strategies: A Comprehensive Review
(MDPI, 2023) Derviş, Sibel; Özer, Göksel
Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, a plant- and human-associated fungus, has emerged as a substantial global ecological and agricultural threat aggravated by global warming. It inflicts various diseases, including canker, blight, dieback, leaf spot, root rot, and fruit rot, across a wide spectrum of fruit trees, field crops, shrubs, and arboreal species, with a host range spanning 46 plant families, 84 genera, and 126 species, primarily affecting eudicot angiosperms. Six genera are asymptomatic hosts. Neoscytalidium dimidiatum exhibits worldwide distribution, with the highest prevalence observed in Asia and North America, notably in Iran, Turkey, and California. Rising disease prevalence and severity, aggravated by climate change, particularly impact tropical arid places across 37 countries spanning all 7 continents. This comprehensive review encapsulates recent advancements in the understanding of N. dimidiatum, encompassing alterations in its taxonomic classification, host range, symptoms, geographic distribution, epidemiology, virulence, and strategies for effective management. This study also concentrates on comprehending the taxonomic relationships and intraspecific variations within N. dimidiatum, with a particular emphasis on N. oculus and N. hylocereum, proposing to consider these two species as synonymous with N. dimidiatum. Furthermore, this review identifies prospective research directions aimed at augmenting our fundamental understanding of host-N. dimidiatum interaction.
Activity of nanosized copper-boron alloys against Phytophthora species
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Yiğit, Uğur; Türkkan, Muharrem; İlhan, Hasan; Şimşek, Tuncay; Güler, Ömer; Derviş, Sibel
This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of copper-boron (Cu-B) nanoalloys against a range of Phytophthora species, including P. capsici, P. citrophthora, P. palmivora, P. cinnamomi, P. nicotianae, P. cactorum, P. plurivora, P. inundata, and P. megasperma. The nanoalloys were synthesized via mechanical alloying under an argon atmosphere, resulting in the formation of nanocrystalline Cu-B nanoalloys with irregular morphology and particle sizes ranging from 50 to 240 nm. At a concentration of 250 µg mL−1, the Cu-B nanoalloys demonstrated complete inhibition of mycelial growth, sporangium production, and zoospore germination in all tested Phytophthora species. The EC50 values for mycelial growth ranged from 28.02 to 120.17 µg mL−1, while for sporangium production and zoospore germination, they were below 10 µg mL−1. Furthermore, the nanoalloys exhibited fungicidal activity against specific Phytophthora species, such as P. capsici, P. citrophthora, P. inundata, and P. megasperma, at concentrations of 100, 250, 250, and 250 µg mL−1, respectively. Notably, the Cu-B nanoalloys displayed significant protective and curative effects on tuber rot severity in P. nicotianae-inoculated potatoes, resulting in reductions of 94.13% and 92.61% compared to the control, respectively, at a concentration of 10 µg mL−1 (P < 0.05). These findings highlight the potential of Cu-B nanoalloys as a promising fungicide for the management of plant diseases caused by Phytophthora spp.
Phytopythium litorale: A novel killer pathogen of plane (Platanus orientalis) causing canker stain and root and collar rot
(Plant Disease, 2020) Derviş, Sibel; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Çiftçi, Osman; Özer, Göksel; Serçe, Çiğdem Ulubaş; Dikilitaş, Murat
Decline symptoms associated with lethal stem and branch canker stain along with root and collar rots were observed on 5- to 7-year-old roadside oriental plane trees (Platanus orientalis) in Diyarbakır, Turkey. Above-ground symptoms included leaf necrosis, leaf curling, extensive bluish or blackish staining of shoots, branches, stem bark, and wood surfaces, as well as stem cankers and exfoliation of branch bark scales. A general decline of the trees was distinctly visible from a distance. A Phytophthora/ Pythium-like oomycete species with globose to ovoid, often papillate and internally proliferating sporangia was consistently isolated from the fine and coarse roots and stained branch parts and shoots. The pathogen was identified as Phytopythium litorale based on several morphological features. Partial DNA sequences of three loci, including nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the large ribosomal subunit (LSU), and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (coxII) confirmed the morphological identification. All P. litorale isolates were homothallic, developing gametangia, ornamented oogonia with elongate to lobate antheridia. Pathogenicity of P. litorale was tested by inoculation on excised shoots and by root inoculation on seedlings. P. litorale produced large lesions and blights on shoots in just 5 days and killed 100% of the seedlings in a month. This paper presents the first confirmed report of P. litorale as an important pathogen on a plant species causing branch and stem cankers, and root and collar rot, in and on P. orientalis, resulting in a rapid decline of trees and suggesting a threat to plane.
First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum causing tuber rot of potato in Turkey
(Journal of Plant Pathology, 2020) Derviş, Sibel; Özer, Göksel; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan
[No abstract available]
First report of Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae causing stem blight on tomato in Turkey
(Journal of Plant Pathology, 2020) Derviş, Sibel; Özer, Göksel; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan
[No abstract available]
First report of Phytopythium litorale causing root rot of apple in Turkey(Note)
(Journal of Plant Pathology, 2020) Derviş, Sibel; Mert, Figen; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Özer, Göksel; Çiftçi, Osman
[No abstract available]
First report of Fusarium oxysporum causing wilt on lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) in Turkey(
(Journal of Plant Pathology, 2021) Güney, İnci Güler; Özer, Göksel; Koşar, İslim; Derviş, Sibel; Günen, Utku
[No abstract available]
Potential of Rosmarinus officinalis for Phytoremediation of Soil Contaminated with Cadmium
(Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 2018) Kılıç, Hasan; Eren, Abdullah; Köleli, Nurcan
In this study, the use of Rosmarinus officinalis was investigated to clear soil contaminated with Cd. The soil sample for pot experiment is taken from the old municipal waste storage in Mardin. The pot experiment conducted in the greenhouse. Increasing dose of Cd (0-5-10-20 mg kg-1 as 3CdSO4.7H2O form) and 0.005 mM citric acid applied to the soil and all pots were incubated for 30 days. The fertilizer (200 mg N kg-1) applied before seedling and then plant seedlings transferred to the pots. The plants were grown for 45 days in the greenhouse. After harvest Cd, N, P, K, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn concentrations of plant samples were determined in ICP-MS. The highest Cd content (8.31 μg plant-1) was obtained in 20 mg Cd kg-1 treatments. The result of the experiment was shown that the Rosmarinus officinalis was not suitable for pyhtoextraction of Cd-contaminated soils.
Kızıltepe Yöresinde Buğday Tarımı Yapılan Toprakların Bazı Verimlilik Durumlarının Belirlenmesi
(GAZİOSMANPAŞA BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMA DERGİSİ, 2019) Eren, Abdullah
Bu çalışma 2017 yılında, Mardin ilinin Kızıltepe ilçesinde buğday tarımı yapılan 10 köyden 50 dekar ve daha büyük olan tarım topraklarından 0-20 cm derinlikten 86 farklı araziden, arazi büyüklüğü ve topoğrafik yapı göz önünde bulundurularak toprak örnekleri alınmıştır. Alınan toprak örneklerinde, pH, % su ile doygunluk, kireç (% CaCO3), % toplam tuz, organik madde (% O.M.), alınabilir fosfor (P2O5) ve alınabilir potasyum (K2O) miktarları belirlenmiştir. Örnekleme yapılan arazilerin ‘‘Killi-Tın’’ bünyeye sahip olduğu, tuzluluk probleminin olmadığı, toprakların % 59.3’ü ‘‘nötr’’ reaksiyonlu, % 40.7’si ise ‘‘hafif alkali’’ reaksiyonlu yapıya sahip olduğu ve organik madde miktarları ise toprakların % 67.4’ü ‘‘az’’, % 32.6’sı ise ‘‘orta’’ seviyede olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Phytoextraction of Nickel Contaminated Soil with Citric Acid and Humic Acid treatments using Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Plant
(International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources, 2019) Eren, abdullah
In this study, the removal possibilities of Ni from contaminated soil using perennial rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) plants were investigated. This decontamination process was conducted adding citric acid (C6H8O7) and humic acid. Increasing dose of Ni (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400mg Ni kg-1), 0.005mM citric acid and 2% humic acid were added to the test soil in the pots and incubated under controlled conditions for a month. The seedlings of rosemary plant were transferred to the pots and they were grown for 45 days. At the end of the experiments, dry weight of plant tissues and the concentrations of Ni, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) were determined. The treatments of citric acid and humic acid were increased the Ni uptake of plants. As a result of the experiments, it has been determined that the rosemary plant has accumulated 189μg plant-1 in 400mg Ni kg-1 application, and 246g plant-1 in 400mg Ni kg-1 + citric acid application and 216μg plant-1 in 400mg Ni kg-1 + humic acid application. The results showed that the rosemary plant has the potential phytoextractor plant in decontamination process with citric acid and humic acid.
Effects of ZnO Nanoparticles and Ethylenediamine-N,N′- Disuccinic Acid on Seed Germination of Four Different Plants
(Wiley Online Library, 2019) Doğaroğlu, Zeynep Görkem; Eren, Abdullah; BARAN, Mehmet Fırat
The release of nanoparticles and biodegradable chelating agents into the environment may cause toxicological and ecotoxicological effects. The aim of this study is to determine the ecotoxic effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (EDDS) on most cultured four plants. The durum wheat, bread wheat, barley, and rye are exposed to 5 mL 10 mg L−1 ZnO nanoparticles and 10 mg L−1 EDDS in the seed germination stage. Results show that these different plant species have different responses to ZnO nanoparticles and EDDS. The germination percentage of bread wheat and rye decreases in the application of ZnO nanoparticles while the germination of durum wheat and barley increases as much as in radicle elongation and seedling vigor. While ZnO treatment causes a decrease in bread wheat and rye germinated rat in the range of 33–14.3%, respectively, there is no change in germination rate of these plants at EDDS treatment. In addition, EDDS treatment positively affects barley germination rate. In conclusion, it is clear that ZnO nanoparticles have more toxic effects on bread wheat and rye than EDDS, while barley is positively affected by ZnO nanoparticles and EDDS.
Bakırla Kirlenmiş Toprakların Xanthium strumarium L. Bitkisi Kullanılarak Fitoremediasyonu
(Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2018) Eren, abdullah
Antropojenik aktivite sonucu çevreye dâhil olan ağır metaller, toprak kirliliğine ve toprak kalitesinin düşmesine neden olmaktadırlar. Ağır metallerin topraktan temizlenmesi için en uygun yöntemlerden biri olan fitoremediasyon yöntemi çevre dostu ve ekonomik bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışma, yapay olarak bakır (Cu) ile kirlenmiş topraktan, Xanthium strumarium L. (pıtrak) bitkisinin, fitoekstraksiyon etkinliğini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Farklı dozlarda (0, 100, 200, 400 ve 800 mg Cu kg-1) Cu uygulanan toprakta 45 gün boyunca sera koşullarında pıtrak (Xanthium strumarium L.) bitkisi yetiştirilmiştir. Bitkilerin başta Cu konsantrasyonu olmak üzere klorofil içeriği, biyokütle üretimi, indirgenmiş glutatyon (GSH), bazı makro [azot (N), fosfor (P), potasyum (K), kalsiyum (Ca) ve magnezyum (Mg)] ve mikro [demir (Fe), çinko (Zn) ve manganez (Mn)] besin elementi konsantrasyonları ölçülmüştür. Bakır uygulanmış bitkiler kontrol (0 mg Cu kg-1) bitkisi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Artan dozda Cu uygulamaları, Cu ve GSH konsantrasyonları hariç diğer ölçülen parametrelerde bir azalmaya neden olmuştur. Sonuçlar, pıtrak bitkisinin, Cu ile kirlenmiş toprakların temizlenmesi için kullanılabileceğini ve fitoremediasyon yöntemine uygun olduğunu göstermiştir.
Fıstık (Pistacia vera L.) Yaprağından Gümüş Nanopartikül (AgNP)’lerin Sentezi, Karakterizasyonu ve Antimikrobiyal Aktivitesinin İncelenmesi
(2019) Eren, abdullah; BARAN, Mehmet Fırat
Bu çalışmanın amacı, fıstık (Pistacia vera L.) bitki ekstraktı kullanılarak, yeşil sentez yöntemi ile gümüş nanopartikül (AgNP)’lerini sentezlemektir. Yeşil sentez; çevre dostu ve maliyet açısından ucuz olması, kimyasal ve fiziksel yöntemlerden daha çok tercih edilen nanopartiküllerin kolay bir şekilde elde edilmesi ile bilinen biyolojik bir yöntemdir. Reaksiyon sonucunda elde edilen AgNP’ler, UV görünür spektrofotometre (UV-vis), fourier-dönüştürülmüş kızılötesi spektroskopisi (FTIR), X-Işını kırınımı (XRD), termogravimetrik ve diferansiyel termal analizi (TGA-DTA), taramalı elektron mikroskobu ve enerji yayılımlı X-ışını cihazı (SEM-EDX) kullanılarak karakterize edilmiştir. Gümüş nanopartiküllerin 460.67 nm’de maksimum absorbansa sahip olduğu görülmüştür. AgNP’lerin indirgenmesinde rol olan fitokimyasalları analiz etmek için FTIR analizi yapılmıştır. Debye-Scherrer’s denkleminden yararlanarak sentezlenen nanoparçacıkların kristal boyutunun 16.7 nm olduğu hesaplanmıştır. AgNP’lerin küresel görünümde olduğu transmisyon elektron mikroskobu ile tespit edilmiştir. Sentezlenen AgNP’lerin antimikrobiyal etkisi gram pozitif ve gram negatif bakterileri ve fungus (maya) üzerinde minimum inhibitör konsantrasyonu (MIC) metodu ile test edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, sentezlenen gümüş nanopartiküllerin antimikrobiyal etki gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.
Kadmiyum Uygulamalarının Domuz Pıtrağı (Xanthium Strumarium L.) Bitkisinin Gelişimi Üzerine Etkileri
(2018) Eren, abdullah
Bu çalışmada, sırayla 0, 5, 10, 20 ve 40 mg kg-1 kadmiyum (Cd) ile kirlenmiş topraklarda 6 hafta boyunca kontrollü koşullarda yetiştirilen domuz pıtrağı (Xanthium strumarium L.) bitkisinin Cd metalini temizleyebilme yani fitoremediasyon olanakları araştırılmıştır. Denemede bitkilerin kontrole göre; klorofil düzeyleri (alt yaprak:29.1-25.4 SPAD birimi ve üst yaprak:31.6-27.3 SPAD birimi), bitkide Cd konsantrasyonu (0.01-14.3 mg kg-1), ağır metal alımı (0.08-74.9 µg bitki-1), indirgenmiş glutatyon (GSH) (235-283 µg mL-1), makro (azot (N), fosfor (P), potasyum (K), kalsiyum (Ca) ve magnezyum (Mg)) ve mikro (demir (Fe), çinko (Zn), bakır (Cu) ve mangan (Mn)) besin elementi konsantrasyonları düşüş göstermiştir. Sonuçlar domuz pıtrağı (Xanthium strumarium L.) bitkisinin gövdesinde Cd (>100 mg kg-1) akümüle edemediğini ve fitoekstraksiyon yöntemi için uygun olmadığını göstermiştir.
Organik Tarımda Üreticilerin Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar (Mardin İli Örneği)
(Bahri Dağdaş Bitkisel Araştırma Dergisi, 2018) Acıbuca, Veysi; Eren, abdullah; Bostan Budak, Dilek
Türkiye’de organik tarım faaliyetleri 1980’li yıllardan itibaren hızlı bir şekilde gelişme göstermiş olup, 2002 yılı ile 2016 yılları arasında organik tarım yapılan alanlarda yaklaşık 10 kat artış olmuş, aynı dönemde organik tarımsal üretim 300 000 tondan yaklaşık 2.5 milyon tona yükselmiştir. Ancak Türkiye’nin organik ürün üretiminde sahip olduğu fırsatlar göz önüne alındığında, söz konusu rakamlar mevcut potansiyelin tam olarak kullanılmadığını göstermektedir. Organik ürün üretiminin yaygınlaştırılması için yayım faaliyetlerinin yapılması önemli olduğu kadar, mevcut organik üretim faaliyetlilerinin devam ettirilmesinde üreticilerin sorunlarının tespit edilmesi ve bu sorunların çözümü konusunda öneriler sunulması da önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada 2017 yılında Mardin ili ve ilçelerinde organik tarım faaliyetlerinde bulunan üreticilerin sosyo-ekonomik durumları ve sorunlarının tespiti amacıyla yüz yüze görüşme ve telefon yöntemiyle anket uygulaması yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla 2017 yılında çiftçi kayıt sisteminde bulunan 89 üreticiden 52 tanesine ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen verilere SPSS 22.00 versiyonu kullanılarak frekans, yüzde ve parametrik olmayan testlerden Mann-Whitney U analizleri yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucuna göre çiftçilerin yaş ortalamasının yüksek ve eğitim düzeyinin düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Üreticilerin tamamına yakın kısmının bağcılık faaliyetinde bulunduğu, %50’sinin 20 dekar ve altındaki alanlarda organik tarım yaptığı tespit edilmiştir. Anket yapılan üreticilerin en önemli sorunlarının pazarlama sorunları, sözleşmeli üretimin olmaması, kullanılan ilaçların etki etmemesi ve yetiştirme teknikleri konusundaki bilgi eksikliği olduğu gözlenmiştir. Üreticilerin organik tarımla ilgili önemli sorunlarının olduğu ancak desteklemelerden faydalanma amaçlı organik tarıma devam etmeyi düşündükleri, hastalık ve zararlılarla mücadele konusunda bilgi eksikliklerinin olması ve üretim tekniklerini bilmemelerinin de elde ettikleri gelirin düşük olmasına neden olduğu düşünülmektedir. Özellikle sadece bir sorunla karşılaştıklarında bilgi edinme kaynaklarından faydalanmaları üreticilere yönelik yayım faaliyetlerinin arttırılmasını önemli kılmaktadır.
Transgenik ve Transgenik Olmayan Tütün Bitkilerinde Ağır Metal Uygulamalarının Azot, Fosfor ve Potasyum Alımına Etkisi
(2013) Dağhan, Hatice; Uygur, Veli; Köleli, Nurcan; Arslan, Mehmet; Eren, abdullah
İnsan aktivitesi, endüstriyel gelişmeye paralel olarak topraktaki ağır metal sirkülasyon düzeyini sürekli olarak artırmaktadır. Toprağa bitki besin maddelerinin dengesini bozacak miktarda ağır metal girdisi; bitkinin azot (N), fosfor (P) ve potasyum (K) alımını etkilemektedir. Bu etkileşim, gerek bitki kök sistemi ve taşınma olaylarını etkileyerek gerekse toprak çözeltisindeki besin elementleriyle reaksiyona girerek gerçekleşmektedir. Bu çalışmada, su kültürü ortamında 2 hafta süreyle yetiştirilen transgenik ve transgenik olmayan tütün bitkilerinde, dört farklı ağır metal iyonunun (çinko (Zn), bakır (Cu), nikel (Ni) ve kadmiyum (Cd)) üç farklı dozunun (0, 5 ve 10 mg L-1) N, P ve K alımına etkisi araştırılmıştır. Denemelerde elde edilen bulgulara göre, 5 mg L-1 Zn dozu, bitkilerde kloroz ve nekroz gibi herhangi bir toksik etki göstermezken, diğer ağır metallerin (Cu, Ni ve Cd) 5 ve 10 mg L-1 uygulamaları bitkide değişen seviyelerde toksisitenin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. En yüksek konsantrasyonda (10 mg L-1) Zn, Cu, Ni ve Cd uygulamalarıyla, bitkilerin N, P ve K alımlarındaki azalmalar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda bu elementlerin toksisite sıralaması Ni > Cu > Zn > Cd şeklinde olmuştur. Bitkideki N, P ve K konsantrasyonunu en çok azaltan Ni iken, P konsantrasyonunda sıralama Cu > Zn > Cd; K konsantrasyonunda ise Cu > Cd > Zn şeklinde belirlenmiştir.

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